Educational policy analysis : examining pesantren policies and their implications on the independence of kyai and pesantren in the contemporary era

Abstract

Purpose – This study aims to investigate the autonomy of Kyai (religious teachers) within Pesantren in making education policy. In examining these policies, it focuses on the evolution of teaching and the implementation of the “Asas Tunggal Pancasila” in Indonesian educational institutions, the struggles of Pesantren policies that led to the enactment of Law No. 18 of 2019, and the dark side of the politicization of religion that has implications for educational policies.

Design/methods/approach – This study uses a qualitative research method with a case study approach involving two Islamic boarding schools in East Java. Primary data sources were obtained through observations and interviews, while secondary data sources include library materials such as legislation, scholarly articles (journals), books, and others. Data collection techniques involved observation, semi-structured in-depth interviews, and documentation (document analysis). The data analysis technique used was qualitative data analysis, including data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing.

Findings – The research reveals that the law empowers Pesantren and Kyai to shape their institutions in alignment with societal demands, traditions, and evolving times. While the Kyai’s independence plays a significant role in the direction of Pesantren, it does not solely determine its identity. The law emphasizes the need for contemporary teaching methods, curriculum development, and infrastructure improvements, encouraging Kyai to avoid rigid and authoritarian tendencies.

Research implications/limitations – The research has theoretical implications regarding two contrasting views on the influence of Pesantren policy on Kyai’s independence in relation to political elites. The “Yes” side highlights alignment of interest, empowerment and development, and community engagement. The “No” side emphasizes the preservation of autonomy, potential manipulation, and a general distrust of political parties.

Originality/value – This study provides direction for understanding the complex interplay between religious education and the political domain in Indonesia.